Excerpts taken with regard to Vegetarianism and Children
Kristin Higgins
As Americans become increasingly more health conscious, vegetarian diets are becoming more and more common. Produce-aisle signs stating eat 5 a day for better health are beginning to pay off, along with the USDA-DHHS Dietary Guidelines for Americans, which state: Many American diets have too many calories and too much fat (especially saturated fat), cholesterol, and sodium. They also have too little complex carbohydrates and fiber. Such diets are one cause of America’s high rates of obesity and of certain diseases-heart disease, high blood pressure, stroke, diabetes, and some forms of cancer (http://www.childsecure.com/veggie.htm) Different types of vegetarians include the vegan, who follows a strict diet excluding eggs, dairy, and all other animal products; the lacto-ovo-vegetarian, who eats a diet of mainly grains, vegetables, fruits, legumes, seeds, nuts, dairy products, and eggs, and excludes meat, fish, and poultry; the lacto-vegetarian, who excludes animal flesh and eggs; the ovo-vegetarian, who excludes animal flesh and dairy products; and the semi-vegetarian, who abstains from only red meat and poultry (http://www.penpages.psu.edu/penpages_reference/12101/121012505.html). Vegetarian diets have many health benefits, but can also lead to health detriments if proper precautions are not taken. Optimal health, however, can be reached through a carefully planned vegetarian diet.
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Children with vegetarian diets face additional risks and health concerns. Gretchen Hill, Ph.D., associate professor of food science and human nutrition at the University of Missouri, Columbia, believes that many health problems arise among child vegetarians. My bet is those kids will have health problems when they reach 40, 50, or 60 years of age, she says, mostly because of imbalances with micronutrients [nutrients required only in small amounts], particularly iron, zinc, and copper. Hill believes that while vegetarian children will be missing iron from animal products, the most valuable vitamins may be copper and zinc. Copper is essential to the human body in that it builds the bodies immune system, and strengthens and builds red blood cells. A lot of Americans are marginal in this micronutrient, and as a result, are more susceptible to diseases. Children can’t meet their zinc needs without eating meat.
Children are also at risk of developing protein defeciency, which can lead to stunted growth (http://www.fda.gov./bbs/topics/CONSUMER/CON00138.html). Scientific evidence in support of Hill’s claims does exist. Nathan, Hackett, and Kirby (1997) assessed the growth of vegetarian children as compared to non-vegetarian children. Fifty vegetarian children ages 7 to 11, were compared to a control group of 50 omnivores of similar age, sex, and ethnic group. Main outcome measurements include height, weight, upper arm skinfold thickness, and mid-upper arm circumference measurements, and were taken at baseline and one year later. The results show that only the height increment of non-vegetarians was slightly greater, .47 cm, than that of the omnivores. The difference, however, was only apparent after allowing for father’s height, maternal smoking habit and number of siblings. The tendency for vegetarians to be leaner than the omnivores was not significant. It was concluded that vegetarian children grow at least as well as non-vegetarian children.
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How to benefit from a vegetarian diet while avoiding the health risks
The Institute of Food Technologists recommends careful diet planning to ensure that vegetarians get adequate amounts of essential vitamins and minerals http://www.childsecure.com/veggie.htm. It is especially important for vegans, to ensure proper intake of calcium, vitamin D , riboflavin, and iron. Calcium supplements are recommended by the Institute of Food Technologists for pregnant women, breast-feeding women, infants, and children. Calcium needs can also be met by calcium fortified foods including tofu processed with calcium, broccoli, seeds, nuts, kale, bok choy, legumes,, greens, and orange juice enriched with calcium. Vitamin D supplements may be needed if one does not receive adequate sun exposure, as sunlight is essential in the body’s production of vitamin D http://www.childsecure.com/veggie.htm. Five to 15 minutes of sun exposure a day is the recommended amount needed to ensure this production. Older people need to take special care, as their bodies synthesize vitamin D less efficiently and their sun exposure is usually limited. Vitamin D fortified foods such as soymilk and some cereals are also available. (http://www.penpages.psu.edu/penpages_reference/12101/121012505.html)
Protein deficiency can be avoided by combining legumes with seeds, grains, and nuts, which together provide high amounts of complete proteins. Substitute meat products such as vegetable burgers and soy dogs provide protein and are also fortified with B12 (http://www.fda.gov./bbs/topics/CONSUMER/CON00138.html).
Special care should be taken when planning the diets of for vegetarian children and adolescents, especially those with vegan diets. Foods high in calcium, iron, and zinc make up a large part of the daily diet. To meet energy needs, vegetarian children should eat frequent meals and snacks, along with foods higher in fat (http://www.penpages.psu.edu/penpages_reference/12101/121012505.html).
As with any dietary change, experts recommend a gradual shift to a vegetarian diet. An increase in dietary fiber from a vegetarian diet can cause intestinal discomfort from increased bulk, and it is recommended to slowly increase consumption of grains, legumes, seeds, and nuts http://www.childsecure.com/veggie.htm. To reap the greatest benefits of a vegetarian diet, one must include many different types of foods that provide a variety of vitamins and nutrients. The following list, compiled by the American Dietetic Association, provides vegetarians with nutritional guidelines to follow (http://www.geocities.com/Yosemite/9854/amhrt_vegdiet.html).
1.) Keep intake of sweets and fatty foods, which are low in nutrient density, to a minimum. Choose whole or unrefined grain products when possible, or use fortified or enriched cereal products.
2.) Use a variety of fruits and vegetables, including foods that are good sources of vitamin C. If you use milk or dairy products, choose low-fat or nonfat varieties.
3.) Limit eggs, if eaten, to 3 to 4 yolks a week.
4.) You do not have to eat animal products to have enough protein in your diet. Plant proteins alone can provide enough of the essential and non-essential amino acids, as long as sources of dietary protein are fairly varied and caloric intake is high enough to meet energy needs.
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Works Cited
Appleby PN, Thorogood M, Mann JI, Key TJ (1998). Low body mass index in non-meat eaters: the possible roles of animal fat, dietary fiber and alcohol. International Journal of Related Metabolism Disorders, 22, 454-60.
Barr SI, Prior JC, Janelle KC, Lentle BC (1998). Spinal bone mineral density in premenopausal vegetarian and nonvegetarian women: cross-sectional and prospective comparisons. Journal of American Dietetic Association, 7, 760-5.
Erhardt JG, Lim SS, Bode JC, Bode C (1997). A diet rich in fat and poor in dietary fiber increases the in vitro formation of reactive oxygen species in human feces. Journal of Nutrition, 127, 706-9.
Krajcovicova-Kudlackova M, Simoncic R, Klvanova J, Bederova A, Babinska K, Grancicova E (1997). The plasma profile of fatty acids in vegetarians. Bratisl Lek Listy, 1, 23-7.
Nathan I, Hackett AF, Kirby S (1997). A longitudinal study of the growth of matched pairs of vegetarian and omnivorous children, aged 7-11 years, in the north-west of England. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 51, 20-5.
Thomas EL, Frost G, Barnard ML, Bryant DJ, Taylor-Robinson SD, Simbrunner J, Coutts GA,Burl M, Bloom SR, Sales KD, Bell JD (1996). An in vivo 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopic study of the relationship between diet and adipose tissue composition. Lipids, 2, 145-51.